☆Off the Map:On Violence and Cartography 외

 

 

☆David Turnbull, "Cartography and Science in Early Modern Europe: Mapping the construction of knowledge Spaces", Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography Volume 48, Issue 1, 1996, 5-24.

 

Abstract
Science and cartography have had an intimate history which has not been simply the creation of ever more accurate scientific maps but one in which science, cartography and the state have co‐produced the knowledge space that provides the conditions for the possibility of modern science and cartography. The central cartographic process is the assemblage of local knowledges and, as such, is a particular form of the assembly processes fundamental to science. The first attempts by the state to create a space within which to assemble cartographic knowledge were at the Casa da Mina and the Casa de la Contratación, and hence they can be described as the first scientific institutions in Europe. Their failure to create a knowledge space can be attributed to the nature of the portolan charts. The triangulation of France and the linking of the Greenwich and Paris Observatories established the kind of knowledge space that now constitutes the dominant form within which modem science and cartography are produced. However, resistance to the hegemony of modern scientific knowledge space remains possible through finding alternative ways of assembling local knowledge.

 

Jeremy W. Cramptona , "The cartographic calculation of space: race mapping and the Balkans at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919", Social & Cultural Geography Volume 7, Issue 5, 2006 Special Issue, pp.731-752.

Crampton, Jeremy W., Elden, Stuart, "Space, politics, calculation: an introduction", Social & Cultural Geography, Volume 7, Number 5, October 2006, pp. 681-685.

 

☆Jordan Brancha, "Mapping the Sovereign State: Technology, Authority, and Systemic Change", International Organization Vol. 65(1), January 2011, pp1-36.

 

Abstract

 

This article examines the effect of cartography on the development of the modern state system. I argue that new mapping technologies in early modern Europe changed how actors thought about political space, organization, and authority, thus shaping the creation of sovereign states and international relations. In particular, mapping was fundamental to three key characteristics of the medieval-to-modern shift: the homogenization of territorial authority, the linearization of political boundaries, and the elimination of nonterritorial forms of organization. Although maps have been interpreted as epiphenomenal to political change, each of these three transformations occurred first in the representational space of maps and only subsequently in the political practices of rulers and states. Based on evidence from the history of cartographic technologies and their use by political actors, the practices and texts of international negotiations, and the practical implementation of linearly bounded territoriality by states, this article argues that changes in the representational practices of mapmaking were constitutive of the early-modern transformation of the authoritative structure of politics. This explanation of the international system's historical transformation suggests useful new directions for investigations into the possibility of fundamental political change due to the economic, social, and technological developments of globalization.

 

Strandsbjerg, Jeppe, "The Cartographic Production of Territorial Space: Mapping and State Formation in Early Modern Denmark", Geopolitics, Volume 13, Number 2, April 2008, pp. 335-358(24)

 

ABSTRACT

 

Contemporary transformations in global politics have called into question the spatiality of the sovereign territorial state. In light of such claims to change, this article argues that in order to understand the spatial underpinnings of the sovereign territorial state we have to understand how sovereign territoriality was historically based on a cartographic reality of space. The article demonstrates how an epistemic change in cartographic practice from the 15th to the 17th centuries transformed the reality of space and hereby conditioned the possibility of defining the state in territorial terms. The article presents a historical exposition of the mapping of Danish territory and state formation from ca. 1450–1650. This serves to illustrate how the state strived to achieve ‘authorship’ of its territory in order to unify knowledge of the territory. This process was completed 10 years prior to Denmark turning into a ‘role-model’ of absolutist governance in Europe. In conclusion, the article highlights the implications of the cartographic foundation of territorial space for current discussions of globalisation and change.

 

☆Jordan Branch, "‘Colonial reflection’ and territoriality: The peripheral origins of sovereign statehood", European Journal of International Relations 01/2012; 18(2):277-297 (유)

 

ABSTRACT

The modern international system is commonly argued to have originated within Western Europe and spread globally during centuries of colonialism. This article argues, instead, that the character of the modern system of territorially sovereign states resulted from a complex interaction between European colonizing polities and events, actors, and spaces in other parts of the globe. In particular, through a process of colonial reflection, many of the foundational ideas and practices of modern statehood were formed in the interactions of Europeans with the unknown, supposedly empty, spaces of the New World in the 16th and 17th centuries. These novel practices were applied only later to politics among states in Europe. Most important among these developments is the ideal of territorial exclusivity as the sole basis for state sovereignty. This analysis also has implications for the study of contemporary international systemic change.

 

Philip E. Steinberg, "Sovereignty, Territory, and the Mapping of Mobility: A View from the Outside", Annals of the Association of American Geographers 07/2009; 99(3), pp.467-495.

 

ABSTRACT

 

Theorists within and beyond the discipline of geography increasingly realize that boundaries are not simply lines that enclose and define territories. Boundaries also regulate and are reproduced by acts of movement. Movement, beyond and across, as well as within a bounded territory, serves to reproduce the territory that is being bounded. It follows that to understand the history of a territorial entity one must go beyond tracing the spatially fixed activities that occur within that territory or the discursive strategies through which the territory is made to appear natural. one must also trace the acts of movement that occur within, across, and outside the territory's boundaries and the designation of specific spaces of movement as beyond territorial control. In short, one cannot understand the construction of “inside” space as a series of territories of fixity, society, modernization, and development without simultaneously understanding the construction of “outside” space as an arena of mobility that is deemed unsuitable for territorial control. In this article, this perspective is applied to the preeminent normative territory of modernity—the sovereign state—and attention is directed specifically to the designation of the world-ocean as a space of mobility outside the boundaries of the state-society units that purportedly constitute the modern world. Through an analysis of representations of marine space on 591 world maps printed in Europe and the Americas between 1501 and 1800, this article traces the construction of the ocean as an external space of mobility, antithetical to the norm of the territorial state that also was emerging during this era.

 

☆J. W. Crampton, "Cartographic calculations of territory", Progress in Human Geography 01/2010, 34(1). 
 

Abstract

 

Two themes dominate this year’s report: calculation and territory. Both of these are larger issues than cartography itself, but cartography has been increasingly drawn into their ambit such that we might tentatively identify cartographic calculations of territory. Ranging across a wide set of problems including colonial, political and racial mappings, not to mention indigeneity and philosophical concerns of ontology, calculation and territory mark out a wide swath of cartographically informed work.

★Mark Neocleous, "Off the Map:On Violence and Cartography", European Journal of Social Theory 6(4) pp.409–425.(유)

 

Abstract

This article explores the link between the territorial imperative of the
modern state, the exercise of violence and the practice of cartography. After
first tracing the ways in which the exercise of ‘non-state’ coercion has been
either eliminated historically or isolated ideologically, the question of the
map is brought to bear on the issue of violence and territoriality. The article
thus illustrates the importance of cartographic violence: the way the state
and its violent constitution of territory have been sanctified through the
project of the map.